Neuroscience Perspective - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1287 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Drug Abuse Essay Did you like this example? In this essay I will be discussing about the causes of drug abuse from seven perspectives of psychology. Drug abuse is the state of using drugs habitually. Drug abuse affects every community and life of individual itself and his/her family. According to a research (Dube, 2003) various reasons cause drug abuse, one of them is adverse childhood experiences. These types of experiences lead to the drug abuse problems, drug addiction etc. In this essay we will be discussing seven perspectives of psychology causing drug abuse. Causes of drug abuse from each of psychologys seven perspectives: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Neuroscience Perspective" essay for you Create order Neuroscience Evolutionary Behavioral genetics Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive Social-Cultural Neuroscience Perspective First of all, general theory in neuroscience approach of drug abuse is that drugs initiate the reward circuit in the brain and that reward circuit makes the person feel high and he/ she finds pleasure after intake of drugs (Kelley Berridge,2002). The parts of brain that are involved in reward circuit mechanism are amygdale and hippocampus. Various nerve impulses are released by reward circuit whose mechanisms are still unknown that gives the person feeling of immense pleasure after intake of the drugs. When a person intakes the drugs, inside his brain neurons are sent to the dorsal striatal and cortical areas by the ventral tegmentum(Winger et. al, 2005). These cortical areas are involved in the reward circuit mechanism. Drugs act as the prominent reinforces in reward circuit and it makes the individual feel pleasure in any situation. This feeling of pleasure leads to the drug abuse (Winger et. al, 2005). EvolutionaryPerspective Researchers have shown that the drug abuse is related to the evolutionary theory as from the medieval times for seek of pleasure and fun people used to take drugs. Darwin evolution theory suggest the survival of fittest and in case of drug abuse there are many cases in evolution where after taking drugs like cocaine leads to the survival of the human being. Evolutionary care also leads to the drug abuse. According to the evolutionary theory of Darwinian fitness, the drug abuse in the mammalian evolution (Saah, 2005) leads to the increased fitness but not happiness. Positive emotions were considered as a sign of fitness. In evolutionary development, nowadays drug abuse leads to the happiness not fitness. Person has very less reward efficiency and to seek the reward efficiency intake of drugs start. Than there comes difference between like and want and it leads to drug abuse. Behavioral Genetics Perspective Behavior genetics is the study of the genetic and the environmental influences on the behavior. A study was done to determine the genetic and environmental influences on the behavior of the adopted children and their parents who adopted them (Cadaret et.al, 1995). This study reveals that the genetic environment and many environmental interactions lead to the aggressive behavior of the subjects. To calm down their aggression they started using drugs and this leads to drug abuse. Some subjects started intake of drugs to get aggression and this all leads to the drug abuse. Drug abuse can be explained by two genetic pathways. First, if biologic parents are drug addicted than it will cause drug abuse. Secondly adverse events in home, anxiety disorders etc causes drug abuse (Cadaret et.al, 1995). Psychodynamic Perspective Freud proposed various psychodynamic theories which state that loss of anything or the person who or which was necessary for happiness in the life leads to the state of depression. The urge for seeking happiness leads to the intake of drugs which further becomes habit and thereby becomes drug abuse (Blatt et.al, 1984). The difference between the expected emotional life of the individual and the reality in which he/ she is living leads to the drug abuse. The feeling of shame, guilt, feeling of worthlessness leads to the depression and it leads to the drug abuse. People who are drug addict feel it difficult to handle the situations like anxiety, depression and this leads to more drug abuse. Drug abuse creates the feelings in the person that help him overcome the harsh feelings of cruelty, unacceptance and various psychotic disorders as drug abuse will keep his mind happy in every situation and this leads to more drug abuse. Behavioral Perspective Behavior plays an important role in drug abuse. Researchers have done various researches which show that journey from initiating intake of drugs to drug abuse is dependable on the behavior of the person. In a recent study showed that the drug abuse is related to the impulsive behavior of a person. Impulsive behavior and drug abuse are correlated (Perry Carroll, 2008). If the level of the impulsivity is increased than the drug abuse is increased and vice versa. Hence forth various behavioral aspects are influenced by drug abuse and various behavioral aspects lead to the drug abuse. Some studies were done on children and they concluded that various factors like child abuse, spouse abuse, violence against mother, living in a family where one of the family member is already a drug addict creates behavioral changes in a child and there are more chances that the child will become drug addict to overcome these things (Felitti et.al, 1998). Cognitive Perspective Cognitive perspective suggest that the drug abuse is related to ones belief (Field, 2006). The positive and negative motivation both works in it as urge for drugs comes from both beliefs. In positive motivation feeling of getting more pleasure leads to the drug addiction. In case of negative motivation feeling of un-wanted leads to the drug addiction. The major cognitive mechanism leading to drug abuse is attention seeking. Drugs affects neuro-physiologically and starts vanishing memory and this leads to attention seeking which leads again to the drug abuse. It depends on the belief of a person. If a person starts believing that drugs are giving him happiness and are providing him attention what he was seeking, the person will take drug again and again and will become a drug addict. Social-cultural Perspective The social and cultural background of the person leads to fate of his life. If the social environment of the person is not good like he is having a stressful life, family conditions are not good feeling of broken house for example leads to the intake of drugs thereby leading to the drug abuse. After initiation person to keep himself happy tries it again and again and this leads to the drug abuse. Cultural behavior of a person leads to the drug abuse as its in culture which a person lives grooms him. If a person is living in a culture where taking drugs is a common thing and is considered as the standard of living, he will definitely initiate the intake of the drugs which further leads to the drug abuse. The social and cultural life thus plays major role in building fate of human as it can create and destroy a person. Drug abuse can be caused due to social and cultural behavior of surroundings of a person. Conclusion So, in conclusion, there are many different psychological behaviors leading to drug abuse. These psychological perspectives work differently in every drug abuse case as human nature is different in every case. These psychological perspectives can be sometimes correlated and sometimes contradictory to each other as human nature is so vast to study. Various psychological studies have been helpful in determining the causes of drug abuse and how drug abuse works. It gives a good approach in the case of drug abuse but still more research needs to be done as human behavior is difficult to understand. The biological mechanisms of drug abuse are also there and are very reliable as they are not like human behavior that will change anytime. Thus, the psychological approach of drug abuse is more helpful.

The Ethical Responsibility Of Assisted Suicide - 1274 Words

As defined by Merriam- Webster, physician assisted suicide is: â€Å"suicide by a patient facilitated by means or information (as a drug prescription or indication of the lethal dosage) provided by a physician aware of the patient’s intent.† Implicit in the term suicide, is that life has been prematurely ended due to desperation and hopelessness. However, in most cases Behuniak Svenson (2003) argue that suicide is mostly performed under unstable mental conditions of the patient and therefore any suicide be stopped due to ethical reasons. In general, the medical fraternity assumes that persons who exhibit suicidal characteristics have their decision making capacity compromised. To these persons, physicians have the ethical responsibility of†¦show more content†¦The first condition is that the patient should be mentally eligible to make such a decision. Secondly, the patient must be prescribed with a terminally ill condition and that such a patient has a life expectancy of six months or less. Such a patient must also provide the request for terminating own life in writing for the physician. Finally, the patient should also be a resident of the said state and of adult age, that is 18 years and older. The main argument in support of Physician assisted Suicide is that every competent individual has the right to decide on the manner in which to live life. That autonomy should also be extended to persons suffering from terminal conditions and therefore should control the timing and the manner of death they wish to face (Hawkins, 2002). Every person has the option to live quality life and avert any suffering and pain and be allowed to do in a dignified manner. Thus terminally ill patient should allowed to die in dignity without the need to face any anguish and that this autonomy must not be taken away from them. 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A Woman to her lover by Christina Walsh, and Remember by Christina Rossetti Essay Example For Students

A Woman to her lover by Christina Walsh, and Remember by Christina Rossetti Essay In this essay I will be comparing A Woman to her lover by Christina Walsh, and Remember by Christina Rossetti. These two poems were written in the patriarchal pre twentieth century. I will also be talking about My last Duchess by Robert Browning, and How do I love thee? by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. These four poets have different views on marriage and love, they differ in the tone of language they speak in, and what they speak about. The poem A Woman To Her Lover By Christina Walsh is a bold poem; Walsh gets straight to making her points on love and marriage. She wants to be her husbands friend and partner not his slave That I shall be your comrade, friend and mate. She starts her first stanza with three rhetorical questions, Do you come to me to bend to your will To make me of your bond slave To bear you children, wearing out my life. She seems as if she is having an argument, as she ends the first and second stanza with exclamation marks. She also uses Imagery Do you want to vanquish me? it is like a battle is taking place. Walsh repeats I refuse you twice. In a way it seems like Christina Walsh is being a little stubborn, or maybe she is trying to get the point through that, she wants her marriage to be an equal one, not were there is a dominant male does the ordering about, and a little meek female who does what the male says. The poem Remember By Christina Rossetti is a petrarchan sonnet, with iambic pentameter. The tone is peaceful and there is a lot of use of metaphors, for example far into the silent land. Rossetti uses personal pronouns a lot in this particular poem, she uses the words me and you a lot in the poem, she doesnt not use the word dead but uses silent land instead because she doesnt want her husband to feel miserable when she is gone. She also uses imagery to describe their relationship. Rossetti repeats the word Remember a great deal in the poem. She is saying to her husband that she doesnt want him to feel sad when he remembers her when she dies, but she doesnt want him to forget her either, but if it causes him pain when he remembers her then, she would rather he forget her. Both Rossetti and Walsh are talking to their husbands in their poems and both are talking about their lives with their husbands. But Walsh talks in a more stern tone of voice and is rather like an argument and speech, rather than a poem. She lists the things that she will not do, where as Rossetti talks about how she wants her husband to be happy, and how she will not want him to be distressed when she passes away. How do I love thee by Elizabeth Barret Browning is a petrarchan sonnet. In this poem she talks about how many ways she loves her husband, she writes it as if she can count it like atoms in a shape as she says, the depth breath and height. She starts poem with a question, How do I love thee? which she answers later on in the poem. My Last Duchess By Robert Browning is a fairly long poem, with no stanzas, it is dramatic, and it is set out as if Robert Browning is talking to some one about his last wife. In this poem Robert Browning talks about strict patriarchal view on love and marriage. .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 , .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .postImageUrl , .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 , .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0:hover , .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0:visited , .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0:active { border:0!important; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0:active , .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Remedy: Southern Humor In Mama Makes Up Her Mind and Other Dangers of Southern Living EssayHe believes that a woman should not look at any other man, or not blush at any other mans comments, that spot of joy into the duchess cheeks. He seemed like the kind of man that would have liked the woman to do as he says, to obey his every command, rather like a dog; She should no talk back at him and abide by his rules. In this poem there is a feeling of tension, as the opening sentence is That is my last duchess painted on the wall, looking as if she were alive. It is a somewhat apprehensive scene and it makes the reader have the feeling of anxiety. All four of the poems talk about the Marriage and love in the pre twentieth century, in that time, women were to do as they were told, in a way they were to be seen and not heard, as if they had no brain to think for themselves what to do. Robert Browning got exactly that correct in his poem. Walsh talked about how things were then and how she wanted things to be in her marriage, she had a brain and she used it, she did not want to do as commanded as if she were unintelligent, she wanted to make her own decisions, and she told her husband or partner that she would not be his slave or his dog. Rossetti talked more on a sentimental point, she loved her husband and she wanted him to remember her, but you can see her love for her husband was so great that she would rather have him forget her than have him be upset by her death. Elizabeth Barret Browning talked for her love of her husband, she loved him so much, that she wrote him a poem. Elizabeth Barret Browning like Rossetti wrote about love and not about equality. They were all very good and incisive poems with good points, which were put across rather well.