IMPORTANCE OF RELATIONSHIP MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Significance OF RELATIONSHIP MARKETING - Essay Example Examined beneath is the basic evaluation of chose factors: 2.1. Responsibility Relationship advertising remains on two establishment columns; with one being duty while the other is trust (Finne and Gronroos, 2009). Responsibility by and large just as in relationship showcasing is aim of gatherings sharing duty to proceed with relationship. Level of duty fluctuates with inspiration level to proceed with the connection that is affected by numerous variables (Dwyer, Schurr, and Oh, 1987). It urges advertisers to put for protected long haul connections rather than momentary appealing other options and embrace high dangers dependent on the certainty (responsibility) support from accomplices (Morgan and Hunt, 1994). Significance and quality in relationship from duty can be measured from the way that variable presentation has been the allegory from marriage writing (Das, 2009). Besides, with development of shopper conduct area, the ID of brand faithfulness has moved from expanded dull and c onsistent purchasing to pledge to purchase same brand on each buy alongside controlling the expected client (Chegini, 2010). Responsibility varieties are basic to be separated, for example, effectiveâ andâ calculative duty both being significant supporter are not impacted by one another; consequently, they should be tended to in qualification as per the need as opposed to depending on single credit to help whole duty worldview (Lehtinen, 2011). 2.2. Trust is among the two key factors that structure the center of relationship showcasing and prompts the achievement of relationship promoting in relationship with huge number of different elements (Ratnasingam and Pavlou, 2003). Dwyer...Apart from trust and duty that are given central significance in relationship advertising, there are different factors, for example, correspondence, reliability and fulfillment that assume key job in relationship promoting. Additionally, each factor loans backing to other factor at long last prompting a chievement of relationship promoting. Consequently, in light of the expressed job of these components relationship advertising writing declared due significance; subsequently, controlling advertisers to deliver in enormous to pick up the effective relationship showcasing (Østergaard and Fitchett, 2012). Factors of relationship advertising whenever utilized in right arrangement can lead business qualified for winning honors (Corsaro and Snehota, 2010). The thought give exact to characterizing the status of Singapore Airlines that has often figured out how to win the quality help grants. Singapore Airlines with consistency applied the connection advertising instrument across board and created holding with clients just as representatives. Singapore Airlines won the trust, devotion, responsibility and fulfillment of clients just as representatives by oral and activities conveying main concern of its business vision of conveying great help.

Advanced Diploma of Community Services- Leadership

Question: Portray about the Advanced Diploma of Community Services for Leadership. Answer: Action 2: a. Procedures for making dynamic help from the partners: Partner the board is a huge component to the fruitful finish of any program or venture inside the hierarchical structure. Moreover, as partners are straightforwardly influenced by any adjustments in the operational technique, it is essential for the association to give compelling data to all the partners. Numerous investigations have featured that powerful partner the board will create positive relationship with both outside and inside partners of the association, which in the long run will assist association with fulfilling all the goals in a suitable manner[1]. It features the way that association needs to execute viable methodologies for satisfying all the destinations of actualizing change in the operational strategy. Presently, so as to dispatch items comprehensively, association should concentrate on the accompanying partner the board techniques: Partner mapping: Propelling items all inclusive requires gigantic measure of venture from the association. In this way, it is normal that the choice will make monstrous effect on all the partners of the organization. Be that as it may, the effect of the business procedure won't have same sort of effect on all the partners of the company[2]. It is vital for the association to distinguish and organize all the partners dependent on the effect of the adjustments in the operational procedures. For example, worldwide dispatch of items will require financial specialists of the association to contribute more on the operational procedure. Consequently, association needs to guarantee that the data with respect to the need of propelling items all inclusive can reach to the speculators in a proper way. Moreover, techniques should be created to recognize the fulfillment level of every partner, as it can have sway on the general viability of the business system. Assessment of the prime impacts: Numerous examinations have featured the way that legitimate assessment of the considerable number of impacts is significant for successful administration of the stakeholders[3]. Comprehension of impact of every partner will permit the association to create methodologies, which will make greatest effect on the successful administration of partners. Consequently, association needs to gauge the impact of partners through the positioning scale from high, medium to low. Once more, the use of positioning scale will permit the association to deal with partners with huge force adequately, which will assist with satisfying all the necessities of fruitful dispatch of items in the worldwide market[4]. Recognizable proof of the triggers: Numerous examinations have referenced that the response example of partners fluctuates in various ways[5]. In this way, it is important for the association to distinguish prime triggers that can initiate partners to respond contrarily towards association. For example, propelling items comprehensively contains enormous measure of dangers that the partners needs to consider in a positive manner. Along these lines, association needs to create methodologies so partners can ready to recognize the sort of positive effect that the adjustment in business methodology can have on the general income level of the association. Improvement of elective chances: Partner the executives is an incredibly troublesome procedure, the greatest number of elements can have sway on this factor. In this manner, association techniques need to concentrate on elective answers for compelling administration of the stakeholder[6]. For example, association needs to create technique for making uplifting attitude among the partners that the adjustment in the operational method will assist with expanding the income level of the association. Be that as it may, association additionally needs to concentrate on elective systems of featuring the momentary advantages too, as it will prompt partners to satisfy all the business goals in a proper way. b. Viability of the executed activities: From the above conversation, it very well may be evaluated that the center association is hoping to actualize orderly methodology for satisfying all the business targets in a proper manner[7]. Presently, it is normal that the usage of methodical system will assist the association with covering all parts of partner the executives in regards to the adjustments in business technique. Besides, it will assist association with addressing both interior just as outside partners in regards to the proposed change in the business procedure[8]. For example, partner mapping will permit the association to assess the fulfillment level of every partner. In this way, it will permit association to create systems in such a manner along these lines, that it can make most extreme effect on the business forms. Presently, the proposed change will make significant effect on the financial specialists. In this way, partners mapping will permit dealing with financial specialists in a proper manner. Then again, recognizable proof of the triggers will assist association with identifying the prime factors that can have antagonistic effect on the partner the board perspectives[9]. Subsequently, it will assist association with developing elective counter techniques, which will inevitably make sound inside and outside business environment[10]. Besides, recognizable proof of prime impacts will permit association to organize their duties in a proper way. In this manner, it will likewise make positive effect on the viability of the general business forms. c. Chosen advancement vehicles for guaranteeing positive portrayal of the organization: Numerous examinations have featured the way that determination of compelling mediums or instruments are vital for setting up any business in the worldwide market[11]. With expanding rivalry in the worldwide market, it has gotten vital for all the association to use forceful special methodologies for satisfying all the business destinations in a proper way. Presently, so as to dispatch items in the worldwide market, the center association will use following limited time mediums: Web and Social media advancements: In the course of recent years, utilization of web has expanded in a noteworthy way all over the globe. Especially, web based life stages have become indispensable piece of life Therefore, it has gotten important for every association to use web and online life stage so as to reach to the worldwide customers[12]. Web and web based life additionally has given novel way including pictures and blogging to catch the eye of the clients. Moreover, the center association needs to use online networking stage as a two-way specialized devices with the goal that questions of clients from various pieces of the world can be settled in a powerful manner[13]. Along these lines, it will assist with expanding fulfillment level among the clients, which will in the end make positive effect on the viable satisfaction of the business goals. TV ads: Notwithstanding expanding fame of web and web-based social networking stage, TV is as yet the most noticeable instrument for limited time crusade. In this way, the center association will likewise need to use TV stage in a fitting manner for satisfying all the business destinations in a proper manner[14]. The association needs to concentrate on well known TV programs and live games for making most extreme effect on the worldwide market. Print media advancements: Despite the fact that the expanding ubiquity of electronic and online life stage has diminished the criticalness of print media advancement, it despite everything can have significant effect on satisfying business destinations in a suitable way[15]. Along these lines, the center association should use papers and magazines to draw nearer to potential clients in the worldwide market. Besides, the center association needs to give data with respect to any exceptional proposals through the print media advancements for amplifying the effect available. Open air promotions: The center association likewise needs to use open air ad procedures so as to give data to the potential clients on the planet advertise. Thusly, it needs to concentrate on the powerful use announcements, pamphlets and hoardings for satisfying the hierarchical targets. Presently, the center association needs to use mainstream goals like shopping centers, multiplex and national thruways for making most extreme effect on the worldwide market. d. Effect of enactment on worldwide communication: Administrative principles and guidelines additionally assumes basic job at the hour of propelling items in the worldwide market. Numerous examinations have featured the way that world of politics in a specific economy likewise assumes a key job in the improvement of rules and guidelines. For example, various economies have their own principles with respect to the nature of the items that the association should be referenced for satisfy business targets in a suitable manner[16]. For example, a few economies like to have direct obstruction of the presentation of remote items in the residential markets. Truth be told, nations like China and Japan has enormous measure of administrative limitations that lessens the chance of viable advancement remote business inside the market. Be that as it may, globalization has helped numerous associations to extend their organizations over the limits of the nations, which likewise help to make positive effect on the general business level of the assoc iation. Be that as it may, considers have referenced that administrative standards and limitations incite associations to keep up points of interest factors with the goal that it can make positive effect on the economy as well[17]. Right off the bat, association needs to concentrate on keeping up essential administrative standards like levies and nature of the items in

Traditional Medicine Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Traditional or Alternative Medicine. Answer: In the ongoing human services framework in Australia, Europe and North America, customary medication (TM) is exceptionally grasped, in any case, is additionally alluding to Complementary and elective medication (CAM). There are alluring highlights of the TM that incorporates social acknowledgment, more prominent openness in various pieces of the world and require lesser innovation and minimal effort. Be that as it may, in created nations, CAM is being utilized for the avoidance of sickness and in the upkeep of ailment separated from traditional consideration for intense and ceaseless wellbeing conditions. CAM is a comprehensive methodology that envelops the brain, body and soul for the treatment of the individual being less obtrusive when contrasted with regular practices (Mehta, 2012). In Australia, it is easing back joining into the standard, be that as it may, stays a disputable point. In this manner, the accompanying paper talks about the aces, cons of CAM and evaluate through a writing search that incorporates 12 articles from the year 2012 to 2017. In the present human services framework, CAM has picked up notoriety where it has mainstreamed the regular and conventional treatment. The stars of this treatment make it famous and broadly well known when contrasted with the conventional medication approach utilized in the new medicinal services framework. In this area, the benefits of CAM are being examined instead of the conventional medication approach. This treatment is underscored all in all body care, which is unique in relation to the traditional medication being an all encompassing methodology. There is entire body treatment where the developing pattern isn't just towards the physical body, yet additionally towards the passionate and otherworldly strength of the patient (Harris et al., 2012). As indicated by Wardle, Lui Adams, (2012), there is a developing enthusiasm for the CAM, as it is a comprehensive methodology and on rise. Individual consideration is another advantage of the elective medication as it gives individual c onsideration. The devotees who follow this treatment center around the physical wellbeing, yet in addition the psychological and social wellbeing parts of the disease influencing a person. This factor gives more advantageous spotlight on the reasons for the illnesses rather that bring about the irregular characteristics in the body initially (Wu et al., 2014). CAM has one more favorable position that it centers around the avoidance. The conventional medication gives intercession after the infection beginning; be that as it may, elective medication center around avoidance of the malady before it happens notwithstanding the consideration conveyance (Hawk, Ndetan Evans, 2012). After the writing search, I found that there are wide utilizations of CAM for the treatment of infections going from emotional wellness issues like disposition issue to deadly maladies like disease. As indicated by Libby, Pilver Desai, (2013) the investigation directed depicted the utilization of CAM in the treatment of enthusiastic and mental issues in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) people. Information was gathered from the 599 people with PSTD and elucidating examinations demonstrated 15 situations where CAM was utilized for treatment. CAM was utilized as an option in contrast to the ordinary medication in the psychological well-being care. In another deliberate substance investigation, as per Shim, (2015) there are two CAM intercessions natural medication and needle therapy that are well known in U.S. also, Japan. The outcomes indicated that home grown medication is coordinated into the standard clinical framework in Japan and least in America. Needle therapy is less generally polished in America, Japan, and home grown medication being generally good in Japan and least in America. As per Thomson et al., (2012) CAM is across the board and profoundly predominant in Australia among the grown-up populace. The consequences of the cross-sectional investigation indicated that CAM is profoundly well known in Australia, in any case, individuals doesn't look for guidance from their doctors when utilizing CAM that require further thought. As indicated by Kang et al., (2012) there is increment in CAM use among bosom disease patients in Korea. Around 57.4% of patients were accounted for to utilize this treatment that included exercise treatment and utilization of nutrients and minerals that supported their safe framework, advanced wellbeing and forestalled repeat. In another investigation through organized meetings, it demonstrated that they utilized CAM among malignant growth patients as it helped them for food of solidarity and picked up capacity to perform exercises. In a cross-sectional, concentrate through meeting controlled poll directed by Jazieh et al., (2012) the outcomes demonstrated that correlative treatments are profoundly predominant in Saudi Arabia with intercessions that show strict foundation and solid social convictions when individuals are experiencing hazardous illnesses. CAM is likewise utilized in provocative gut illness (IBD) among the patients who experienced unfavorable reactions of customary me ds. Elective medication is additionally utilized in private palliative consideration among German patients with cutting edge malignancy as supplication and enhancements as concentrated by Paul et al., (2013). Comparable investigation directed by Weizman et al., (2012) likewise demonstrated that CAM is common among the IBD patients and assists with decreasing the unfriendly impacts of the regular meds. The above essential examinations directed on CAM in various nations forever compromising maladies delineates that CAM is a comprehensive methodology and attainable choice to fix issues and its joining in the present human services framework. Despite the fact that, CAM is picking up notoriety in the present social insurance framework, there are difficulties confronted that goes about as obstructions in the way of its reconciliation into the countrys clinical and medicinal services framework. This is shortage of proof based practice and absence of research in regards to the CAM that are logically reported with unbending clinical preliminaries. Despite the fact that, CAM are valuable, there is absence of clinical preliminaries with obscure long and transient dangers related with its organization. There is additionally absence of proof based practice to affirm that CAM organization rules agree to the Australian norms and can possibly incorporate into the present human services framework (Reddy, Grossman Rogers, 2013). There is restricted logical research seeing CAM when contrasted with conventional clinical treatment where the proof is constrained and numerous inquiries left unanswered. A few examinations are in progress and research is as yet going on. There is a major disarray between the words protected and common the same number of home grown meds and dietary enhancements fall under CAM that are misjudged as normal. This raises a warning and the makers make uncommon cases that the elective medication items contain mystery fixings and have supernatural occurrence fixes (Ekor, 2014). Another huge test is whether the CAM treatment is viable, safe contains normalized fixings and managed. Practically 50% of the social insurance proficient don't know about the correlative practices and profoundly uncover the weaknesses of this methodology contrasted with conventional medication (Koithan et al., 2012). Another enormous burden of elective treatments is the potential perilous communications and reactions. This methodology is needy upon the ailments and the maladies the individual may be experiencing and can at times venture antagonistic reactions (Epstein Krasner, 2013). These elective medications are not logically tried and there is no guideline by the administration offices. The Food and Drug Administration and National Institutes of Health don't give guideline rules to elective medication and still require logical demonstrating with exacting quality check and testing conventions. There is no such normalization of the drugs utilized in elective medication treatments, as there is changing degrees of reactions and results in treating the treatment. As indicated by Tautz et al., (2012) in a cross-sectional investigation, CAM was utilized in bosom malignancy, notwithstanding, there was less consistence to CAM and hesitant to start this training in the standard oncology care. This is the explanation CAM is as yet an all encompassing methodology and absence of preparing and information about the CAM alternatives for the patients experiencing hazardous ailments. This is the principle con of CAM that limits them from looking for this medication treatment. The distinctions in extraction process prompts substance changes that can prompt differing degrees of pharmacological exercises and components that can cause obstructions with the recommended drugs. As there is absence of proof based research and logical verification, it might set aside a more drawn out effort for a person to look for master supposition on the impact of the elective drugs. This can bring about the movement of the ailment like disease that remaining parts undiscovered until the advantages are totally known. This absence of research and change in the treatment alternatives makes it hard for the corresponding treatments to coordinate in the flow proof based medicinal services framework (Frawley et al., 2013). From the above conversation, it is clear that the customary or elective medication treatments can possibly incorporate into the present medicinal services framework, despite the fact that has certain cons and constraints. The principle contention in this conversation was whether the customary and elective medication can give the individual and patient-focused consideration treatment and their decisions on how the combination should happen. There are different advantages of CAM like torment the board, malignant growth and IBD treatment and emotional wellness. Elective meds can possibly ease torment when contrasted with conventional treatment choices. So also, elective treatments in conjugation with chemotherapy help in expanding the endurance rates and decrease potential symptoms. It additionally assists with decreasing the antagonistic reactions of the malignancy that are experienced by the patients because of endorsed medications. Elective medication treatments are more affordable w hen contrasted with

Healthcare Environment Management Coursework Assignment - 2475 Words

Healthcare Environment Management Coursework Assignment (Coursework Sample) Content: Name:Tutor:Course:Date:University:Happy PlacesTask One: Organizational Structure Aquinas (2010) defines organizational structure as the formal system of authority and task relationships that manage how individuals match their actions and use assets to attain organizational objectives. Organizational tasks are purposely sub-divided into independent departments and series of activities (Aquinas, 2010). These sectors achieve efficiencies in the business process. The premeditated structure is used to manage and harmonize different departments and groups. The principle rational of organizational structure is to manage and organize the individual actions to achieve organizational goals. For any organization, a suitable structure is one that aids operational responses to problems related to motivation and coordination (Aquinas, 2010). A divisional structure is a way of designing an organization so that it is divided into semi-independent elements called divisions (Mcgrath, 2017). Although the divisions have power over their daily operations, they still are accountable to a central power that provides the whole strategy for the organization and manages its use among the divisions. The division might be liable for a service or products, a customer group and geographical locality. Each segment of the division is equipped with its individual resources to work independently (Mcgrath, 2017). The business and company sector, the number of staffs and the preferred management over the divisions can determine whether is valuable to use a divisional organizational structure in a given organization (Mcgrath, 2017). Based on the case study, the staff team for Happy Places day centres is split up into CEO who controls other staffs in the organization including centre manager, deputy manager, one registered learning disability nurse, team leader, and three support workers. It is also evident that Happy Places is a divisional structure because its individual divisio ns of the organization are independent and that allows determining comprehensible routes of responsibility and accountability. In this organization, every staff member holds a centre meeting independently every week. Later the centre managers hands over the information from the meetings to the CEO in monthly organization meetings. Eventually, the CEO uses the information to make decisions on how the organization should continue to develop and grow. This independence in Happy Places is made possible by the divisional organizational structure. Also the organization is based in four different regions to ensure they reach the largest groups effectively. These include; Lewisham, Newham, Southwark and Tower Hamlets based in London. Task 2: Organizational Culture According to Alvesson (2013), culture essentially defines the appropriate way to behave within a given organization. Organizational culture comprises of common values and beliefs established by managers and then communicated and strengthened through different methods, eventually shaping employee behaviours, insights and understanding. Further Alvesson (2013) claim that organizational culture sets the background for everything an organization does. Since companies and situation differ considerably, there is not one-size-fits-all culture model that meets the organizations needs. A strong organizational culture is a conventional denominator among the most celebrated organizations (Bratton, 2015). Handy defines culture as a way people live and stick to unwritten customs and rules (Handy, 2011). According to Handy, the culture exemplifying an organization is established, built and circulated by the central group within the organization. Nevertheless, as well as an assertive culture, sub-cultures may be present, which can either enhance or reduce the organization performance (Handy, 2011). Handy therefore discovered the following four types of organizational culture; role, task, power and person culture. The cul ture within an organization quite much summarizes the employees behaviours working in that specific organization (Bratton, 2015). The employees level of motivation is also affected by the culture, so it is very significant to understand how it impacts the organization (Handy, 2011). According to Handy (2011), there are some organizations where the power culture stays in the circle of only few individuals and only they are approved to make decisions. These individuals are the ones who benefit from exceptional human rights at the business environment. They are the most imperative individuals at the work setting and are key decision makers. These people further hand over responsibilities to other staffs (Handy, 2011). In such a culture, the inferiors have no choice rather than stringently follow the superiors commands. The staffs do not have the freedom to express their insights or share their thoughts on an open meeting and must stick to what their superior says. The managers in powe r culture at times can be biased to anyone or other celebrated major instabilities among others (Handy, 2011). Role based culture is usually applied in large organizations and enterprises and is designed on well-built rules and regulations (Handy, 2011). For instance in Happy Places, every employee working there is entitled to certain roles and responsibilities, therefore the staffs are not usually overstrained by work, thus upholding an appropriate work life balance (Navigate Corporation, 2017). In the organization, roles and responsibilities are well entrusted that is why there is lots of idea sharing among different individuals and departments hence enhancing the chances of employees recognition and innovation (Handy, 2011). Also the Happy Places use the organizational culture for employee recognition. The organization properly drafts policies and benefits hence providing job security to employees and assurance of what they can attain through working for the organization. Typica lly, employees stick to such organizations as they motivated and satisfied (Australia, 2015). Based on the people culture by Handy, individual employees are centralized in this type of culture. The culture only exists to meet objectives of employees in organization (Griffin, Phillips Gully, 2016). Happy Place could impact its culture since in organizations with such people cultures; employees very much perceive themselves as exceptional and top-quality in organization. Normally, in such organizations employees and managers are treated equal and as a result, an individual is very much rewarded and acquire rewards for the job well done. Task culture is also applied by the organization (Mcgrath, 2017). This culture forms when the individuals in an organization are fashioned to address certain predicaments or progress schemes. The task culture is the crucial thing, so ability within the employee will often change depending on the blend of the team colleagues and the nature of the proj ect or problem (Mcgrath, 2017). Employees at Happy Places work in teams to become incredibly creative and successful. Organization culture can improve the overall performance of the organization. Therefore, a culture must provide a tactical competitive advantage, and the values and beliefs have to be largely shared and strongly encouraged (Plunkett, Allen Attner, 2013). A firm culture can bring benefits such as improved cooperation and loyalty, less disparities and more effective decision making. Organizational culture also offers an informal control system, a strong feeling of recognition with the organization and common comprehension among employees regarding what is imperative. Employees whose organizations have strappingly characterized cultures can also validate their work behaviours since those behaviours suits the culture (Griffin, Phillips Gully, 2016). As per Mcconnell (2013) organizational culture plays a critical role in the success of the organization. Thus, HR manag ers and other colleagues of the HR group should promote a high-functioning organizational culture. HR managers are accountable for ensuring that culture control is a central focus of their competitive efforts in the organization (Price Price, 2011). For human resource directors to impact culture, they have to collaborate with the organization senior administration to recognize what the organizational culture should be (Mcconnell, 2013). Strategic planning and thinking must run on beyond just realizing goals and concentrate more on the most valuable asset of an organization. When an organization has different locations, product lines or client groups, it is sensible to split employees into groups devoted to a particular aspect (Price Price, 2011). Doing this logically decentralizes power culture, as every sub-division has authority over its particular issue (Mcconnell, 2013). Certainly, every division operates an undersized business unit, and executives respond by learning to act l ike managers. Divisions work competently because they allow individuals to focus upon a particular service or product, with a leadership culture that stanchions its major strategic goals (Price Price, 2011). Having its own CEO or centre managers makes it more likely the division structure will acquire the resources needed from the organization. Lastly, divisions focus enables it to put up a conventional culture that plays a role to higher drive and a better understanding of the divisions group (Mcgrath, 2017). This is far desirable to having its service or product dispersed among various departments within the organization. In order for divisional organizational culture to be effective, divisions must be properly managed (Mcgrath, 2017). Managerial leadership is the single most imperative success determinant for an organization using a divisional structure, such as Happy Plac...

Neuroscience Perspective - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1287 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Drug Abuse Essay Did you like this example? In this essay I will be discussing about the causes of drug abuse from seven perspectives of psychology. Drug abuse is the state of using drugs habitually. Drug abuse affects every community and life of individual itself and his/her family. According to a research (Dube, 2003) various reasons cause drug abuse, one of them is adverse childhood experiences. These types of experiences lead to the drug abuse problems, drug addiction etc. In this essay we will be discussing seven perspectives of psychology causing drug abuse. Causes of drug abuse from each of psychologys seven perspectives: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Neuroscience Perspective" essay for you Create order Neuroscience Evolutionary Behavioral genetics Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive Social-Cultural Neuroscience Perspective First of all, general theory in neuroscience approach of drug abuse is that drugs initiate the reward circuit in the brain and that reward circuit makes the person feel high and he/ she finds pleasure after intake of drugs (Kelley Berridge,2002). The parts of brain that are involved in reward circuit mechanism are amygdale and hippocampus. Various nerve impulses are released by reward circuit whose mechanisms are still unknown that gives the person feeling of immense pleasure after intake of the drugs. When a person intakes the drugs, inside his brain neurons are sent to the dorsal striatal and cortical areas by the ventral tegmentum(Winger et. al, 2005). These cortical areas are involved in the reward circuit mechanism. Drugs act as the prominent reinforces in reward circuit and it makes the individual feel pleasure in any situation. This feeling of pleasure leads to the drug abuse (Winger et. al, 2005). EvolutionaryPerspective Researchers have shown that the drug abuse is related to the evolutionary theory as from the medieval times for seek of pleasure and fun people used to take drugs. Darwin evolution theory suggest the survival of fittest and in case of drug abuse there are many cases in evolution where after taking drugs like cocaine leads to the survival of the human being. Evolutionary care also leads to the drug abuse. According to the evolutionary theory of Darwinian fitness, the drug abuse in the mammalian evolution (Saah, 2005) leads to the increased fitness but not happiness. Positive emotions were considered as a sign of fitness. In evolutionary development, nowadays drug abuse leads to the happiness not fitness. Person has very less reward efficiency and to seek the reward efficiency intake of drugs start. Than there comes difference between like and want and it leads to drug abuse. Behavioral Genetics Perspective Behavior genetics is the study of the genetic and the environmental influences on the behavior. A study was done to determine the genetic and environmental influences on the behavior of the adopted children and their parents who adopted them (Cadaret et.al, 1995). This study reveals that the genetic environment and many environmental interactions lead to the aggressive behavior of the subjects. To calm down their aggression they started using drugs and this leads to drug abuse. Some subjects started intake of drugs to get aggression and this all leads to the drug abuse. Drug abuse can be explained by two genetic pathways. First, if biologic parents are drug addicted than it will cause drug abuse. Secondly adverse events in home, anxiety disorders etc causes drug abuse (Cadaret et.al, 1995). Psychodynamic Perspective Freud proposed various psychodynamic theories which state that loss of anything or the person who or which was necessary for happiness in the life leads to the state of depression. The urge for seeking happiness leads to the intake of drugs which further becomes habit and thereby becomes drug abuse (Blatt et.al, 1984). The difference between the expected emotional life of the individual and the reality in which he/ she is living leads to the drug abuse. The feeling of shame, guilt, feeling of worthlessness leads to the depression and it leads to the drug abuse. People who are drug addict feel it difficult to handle the situations like anxiety, depression and this leads to more drug abuse. Drug abuse creates the feelings in the person that help him overcome the harsh feelings of cruelty, unacceptance and various psychotic disorders as drug abuse will keep his mind happy in every situation and this leads to more drug abuse. Behavioral Perspective Behavior plays an important role in drug abuse. Researchers have done various researches which show that journey from initiating intake of drugs to drug abuse is dependable on the behavior of the person. In a recent study showed that the drug abuse is related to the impulsive behavior of a person. Impulsive behavior and drug abuse are correlated (Perry Carroll, 2008). If the level of the impulsivity is increased than the drug abuse is increased and vice versa. Hence forth various behavioral aspects are influenced by drug abuse and various behavioral aspects lead to the drug abuse. Some studies were done on children and they concluded that various factors like child abuse, spouse abuse, violence against mother, living in a family where one of the family member is already a drug addict creates behavioral changes in a child and there are more chances that the child will become drug addict to overcome these things (Felitti et.al, 1998). Cognitive Perspective Cognitive perspective suggest that the drug abuse is related to ones belief (Field, 2006). The positive and negative motivation both works in it as urge for drugs comes from both beliefs. In positive motivation feeling of getting more pleasure leads to the drug addiction. In case of negative motivation feeling of un-wanted leads to the drug addiction. The major cognitive mechanism leading to drug abuse is attention seeking. Drugs affects neuro-physiologically and starts vanishing memory and this leads to attention seeking which leads again to the drug abuse. It depends on the belief of a person. If a person starts believing that drugs are giving him happiness and are providing him attention what he was seeking, the person will take drug again and again and will become a drug addict. Social-cultural Perspective The social and cultural background of the person leads to fate of his life. If the social environment of the person is not good like he is having a stressful life, family conditions are not good feeling of broken house for example leads to the intake of drugs thereby leading to the drug abuse. After initiation person to keep himself happy tries it again and again and this leads to the drug abuse. Cultural behavior of a person leads to the drug abuse as its in culture which a person lives grooms him. If a person is living in a culture where taking drugs is a common thing and is considered as the standard of living, he will definitely initiate the intake of the drugs which further leads to the drug abuse. The social and cultural life thus plays major role in building fate of human as it can create and destroy a person. Drug abuse can be caused due to social and cultural behavior of surroundings of a person. Conclusion So, in conclusion, there are many different psychological behaviors leading to drug abuse. These psychological perspectives work differently in every drug abuse case as human nature is different in every case. These psychological perspectives can be sometimes correlated and sometimes contradictory to each other as human nature is so vast to study. Various psychological studies have been helpful in determining the causes of drug abuse and how drug abuse works. It gives a good approach in the case of drug abuse but still more research needs to be done as human behavior is difficult to understand. The biological mechanisms of drug abuse are also there and are very reliable as they are not like human behavior that will change anytime. Thus, the psychological approach of drug abuse is more helpful.

The Ethical Responsibility Of Assisted Suicide - 1274 Words

As defined by Merriam- Webster, physician assisted suicide is: â€Å"suicide by a patient facilitated by means or information (as a drug prescription or indication of the lethal dosage) provided by a physician aware of the patient’s intent.† Implicit in the term suicide, is that life has been prematurely ended due to desperation and hopelessness. However, in most cases Behuniak Svenson (2003) argue that suicide is mostly performed under unstable mental conditions of the patient and therefore any suicide be stopped due to ethical reasons. In general, the medical fraternity assumes that persons who exhibit suicidal characteristics have their decision making capacity compromised. To these persons, physicians have the ethical responsibility of†¦show more content†¦The first condition is that the patient should be mentally eligible to make such a decision. Secondly, the patient must be prescribed with a terminally ill condition and that such a patient has a life expectancy of six months or less. Such a patient must also provide the request for terminating own life in writing for the physician. Finally, the patient should also be a resident of the said state and of adult age, that is 18 years and older. The main argument in support of Physician assisted Suicide is that every competent individual has the right to decide on the manner in which to live life. That autonomy should also be extended to persons suffering from terminal conditions and therefore should control the timing and the manner of death they wish to face (Hawkins, 2002). Every person has the option to live quality life and avert any suffering and pain and be allowed to do in a dignified manner. Thus terminally ill patient should allowed to die in dignity without the need to face any anguish and that this autonomy must not be taken away from them. Proponents of physician assisted suicide further argue that the sanctity of life is dramatically reduced when an individual is diagnosed with a terminal disease (Kopelman Allen, 2001). Such a life will be characterizedShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia and Assisted Suicide1645 Words   |  7 Pagesphysician-assisted suicide are actions at the core of what it means to be human - the moral and ethical actions that make us who we are, or who we ought to be. Euthanasia, a subject known in the twenty-first century, is subject to many discussions about ethical permissibility, which date back to as far as ancient Greece and Rome. It was not until the Hippocratic School removed the practice of euthanasia and assisted suicide from medical practice. Euthanasia in itself raises many ethical dilemmasRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma of Assisted Suicide for Nurses878 Words   |  4 Pagesin a way that is abiding with the ethical responsibilities of the nursing profession and quality in nursing care. Th e Code of Ethics has excellent guidelines for how nurses should behave, however; these parameters are not specific. They do not identify what is right and wrong, leaving nurses having to ultimately make that decision. Ethics in nursing involves individual interpretation based on personal morals and values. Nursing professionals have the ethical accountability to be altruistic, meaningRead MoreAssisted Suicide And Euthanasia Suicide1578 Words   |  7 Pagesthese difficult issues is assisted suicide. Physician assisted suicide (PAS) has been an important ethical concern in medicine in recent years. It is important to understand the various forms of assisted suicide, the legality of assisted suicide as well as the implications it may have for patient as well as healthcare professionals alike. When considering assisted suicide there are several different definitions that may fall into this general term. Often times â€Å"assisted suicide† is confused with â€Å"euthanasia†Read MoreThe Ethics Of Assisted Suicide1526 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Physician assisted suicide, otherwise noted as â€Å"PAS,† has existed for many years, however has made a controversial appearance in legislation recently. Patients’ and their end of life decisions have shaped the way PAS has been portrayed today. Nurses play an important role in the everyday life of transitioning patients, which places them at the forefront of assisted suicide. Nurses must have clear and defined rules when it applies to assisted suicide, and what they can do if thisRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide, When Is It Acceptable?1709 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician-Assisted Suicide, When is it acceptable? Assisted suicide had raised issues of great importance in the society particularly the most controversial of all, the physician assisted suicide in the health care field. Since Oregon and other states implemented the legalization of physician assisted suicide, the debates continues. The U.S. Supreme Court decisions in 1997 and the Pain Relief Promotion Act of 2000 (H.R. 5544) have kept these topics on the policy of the national agenda, along withRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide As A Suicide1587 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"physician assisted suicide as a suicide by a patient facilitated by means or information (as a drug prescription or indication of the lethal dosage) provided by a physician who is aware of how the patient intends to use such means or information.† The physician provides necessary information about drugs and patient performs the act of suicide. Letting someone die requires justification and involves personal as well as social concerns. The federal governme nt does not have any law on the assisted suicideRead MoreAssisted Suicide : A Controversial Subject1224 Words   |  5 Pages11/20/2014 Assisted suicide is a controversial subject that welcomes death over life and presents many ethical dilemmas. We are frequently confronted with situations that raise ethical and moral questioning in our lifetimes. Traumatic events, as witnessed in the cases of Terri Schiavo, Brittany Maynard and Dax Cowart, often leave an impression on one s mortality and fate. Decisions may leave us questioning our moral, ethical, and spiritual beliefs. This report will address the ethical implicationsRead MorePHI 103 Final1311 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Should Physician-Assisted Suicide Be Legal? Eileen K. Cordova PHI 103 Instuctor James Hardy July 11, 2013 SHOULD PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE BE LEGAL Physician-assisted suicide has been a controversial topic for over a decade now. In today’s society, physician-assisted suicide brings so many ehtical questions as such, who is the true owner of our lives? Should releiving pain and suffering always be the highest priority, or does it occure for a reason?Read MoreThe Legal Ethics Of Assisted Suicide1130 Words   |  5 Pagessignificant reexamination and for the most part, experience continued support of the legal system. Ethical/Legal Model The issue of assisted suicide places the advanced practice nurse in a precarious ethical and legal position. While the goal of the nurse is to provide care for the patient and to provide appropriate and safe responses to patient requests, assisted suicide is quite the dilemma in regards to a request to perform acts considered illegal with criminal implications and forfeiture of licensureRead MoreEthics of Euthanasia Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pagestype of relief from this hardship, even if that relief is suicide. Euthanasia or assisted suicide is where a physician would give a patient an aid in dying. â€Å"Assisted suicide is a controversial medical and ethical issue based on the question of whether, in certain situations, Medical practioners should be allowed to help patients actively determine the time and circumstances of their death† (Lee). â€Å"Arguments for and against assisted suicide (sometimes called the â€Å"right to die† debate) are complicated

A Woman to her lover by Christina Walsh, and Remember by Christina Rossetti Essay Example For Students

A Woman to her lover by Christina Walsh, and Remember by Christina Rossetti Essay In this essay I will be comparing A Woman to her lover by Christina Walsh, and Remember by Christina Rossetti. These two poems were written in the patriarchal pre twentieth century. I will also be talking about My last Duchess by Robert Browning, and How do I love thee? by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. These four poets have different views on marriage and love, they differ in the tone of language they speak in, and what they speak about. The poem A Woman To Her Lover By Christina Walsh is a bold poem; Walsh gets straight to making her points on love and marriage. She wants to be her husbands friend and partner not his slave That I shall be your comrade, friend and mate. She starts her first stanza with three rhetorical questions, Do you come to me to bend to your will To make me of your bond slave To bear you children, wearing out my life. She seems as if she is having an argument, as she ends the first and second stanza with exclamation marks. She also uses Imagery Do you want to vanquish me? it is like a battle is taking place. Walsh repeats I refuse you twice. In a way it seems like Christina Walsh is being a little stubborn, or maybe she is trying to get the point through that, she wants her marriage to be an equal one, not were there is a dominant male does the ordering about, and a little meek female who does what the male says. The poem Remember By Christina Rossetti is a petrarchan sonnet, with iambic pentameter. The tone is peaceful and there is a lot of use of metaphors, for example far into the silent land. Rossetti uses personal pronouns a lot in this particular poem, she uses the words me and you a lot in the poem, she doesnt not use the word dead but uses silent land instead because she doesnt want her husband to feel miserable when she is gone. She also uses imagery to describe their relationship. Rossetti repeats the word Remember a great deal in the poem. She is saying to her husband that she doesnt want him to feel sad when he remembers her when she dies, but she doesnt want him to forget her either, but if it causes him pain when he remembers her then, she would rather he forget her. Both Rossetti and Walsh are talking to their husbands in their poems and both are talking about their lives with their husbands. But Walsh talks in a more stern tone of voice and is rather like an argument and speech, rather than a poem. She lists the things that she will not do, where as Rossetti talks about how she wants her husband to be happy, and how she will not want him to be distressed when she passes away. How do I love thee by Elizabeth Barret Browning is a petrarchan sonnet. In this poem she talks about how many ways she loves her husband, she writes it as if she can count it like atoms in a shape as she says, the depth breath and height. She starts poem with a question, How do I love thee? which she answers later on in the poem. My Last Duchess By Robert Browning is a fairly long poem, with no stanzas, it is dramatic, and it is set out as if Robert Browning is talking to some one about his last wife. In this poem Robert Browning talks about strict patriarchal view on love and marriage. .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 , .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .postImageUrl , .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 , .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0:hover , .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0:visited , .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0:active { border:0!important; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0:active , .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0 .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c188d62b3d3dd986e0b031895cb86e0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Remedy: Southern Humor In Mama Makes Up Her Mind and Other Dangers of Southern Living EssayHe believes that a woman should not look at any other man, or not blush at any other mans comments, that spot of joy into the duchess cheeks. He seemed like the kind of man that would have liked the woman to do as he says, to obey his every command, rather like a dog; She should no talk back at him and abide by his rules. In this poem there is a feeling of tension, as the opening sentence is That is my last duchess painted on the wall, looking as if she were alive. It is a somewhat apprehensive scene and it makes the reader have the feeling of anxiety. All four of the poems talk about the Marriage and love in the pre twentieth century, in that time, women were to do as they were told, in a way they were to be seen and not heard, as if they had no brain to think for themselves what to do. Robert Browning got exactly that correct in his poem. Walsh talked about how things were then and how she wanted things to be in her marriage, she had a brain and she used it, she did not want to do as commanded as if she were unintelligent, she wanted to make her own decisions, and she told her husband or partner that she would not be his slave or his dog. Rossetti talked more on a sentimental point, she loved her husband and she wanted him to remember her, but you can see her love for her husband was so great that she would rather have him forget her than have him be upset by her death. Elizabeth Barret Browning talked for her love of her husband, she loved him so much, that she wrote him a poem. Elizabeth Barret Browning like Rossetti wrote about love and not about equality. They were all very good and incisive poems with good points, which were put across rather well.

Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome Essay Example For Students

Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome Essay Trisomy 21 is caused, as the name suggests, by the triplication of the 21st chromosome. Genes which, simplified, contain the blueprints for our cellular structure, are grouped along rod-like structures called chromosomes. Normally, the nucleus of each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, half of which are inherited from each parent. In Down syndrome (DS), however, the cells usually contain not 46, but 47 chromosomes. This excess genetic material, in the form of additional genes along the 21st chromosome, results in DS. The estimated incidence of Down syndrome is between 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 1,100 live births. Each year approximately 3,000 to 5,000 children are born with this chromosome disorder. It is believed there are about 250,000 families in the United States who are affected by DS. (Berg, 614) Discussed in this paper will be a more detailed description of the pathophysiology of Down syndrome, as well as the discovery, possible causes, physical features, associated conditions, possible treatment, electroneurodiagnostic corollaries, and psychosocial issues. Down syndrome or Trisomy 21 has been alluded to in art, literature and science for centuries. One of the more interesting of these is the Changeling in Gaelic myth. We will write a custom essay on Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It was believed that when a child was born with the dysmorphic characteristics now associated with DS i.e. epicanthal folds, simian creases, small ears etc., an elf or evil spirit had replaced the infant that was meant to be theirs with the offspring of a mischievous creature. However, it wasnt until 1866, that a physician named John Langdon Down published an essay in England in which he described a set of children with common features who were distinct from other children with mental retardation. Down was superintendent of an asylum for children with mental retardation in Surrey, England when he made the first distinction between children who were cretins (later to be found to have hypothyroidism) and what he referred to as Mongoloids. Down based this unfortunate name on his notion that these children looked like people from Mongolia, who were thought then to have an arrested development. This ethnic insult came under fire in the 1960s from Asian genetic researchers, and the term was dropped from scientific use. Instead, the condition became called Downs syndrome. In the 1970s, an American revision of scientific terms changed it simply to Down syndrome, due to the insinuation of ownership caused by the possessive apostrophe, although it is still called Downs in Europe. The causes of DS were much speculated over during the first part of the twentieth century. The first to speculate that Down syndrome might be chromosomal in nature were Waardenberg and Bleyer during the 1930s. However it wasnt until 1959 that Jerome Lejeune and Patricia Jacobs, working independently, first determined the cause to be trisomy (triplication) of the 21st chromosome. To understand the pathophyisology of Trisomy 21 you must first understand the basic structure of chromosomes. Chromosomes are thread-like structures composed of DNA and other proteins. They are present in every cell of the body and carry the genetic information needed for that cell to develop. Genes, which are units of information, are encoded in the DNA. Human cells normally have 46 chromosomes, which can be arranged in 23 pairs. Of these 23, 22 are alike in males and females; these are called the autosomes. The 23rd pair are the sex chromosomes (X and Y). Each member of a pair of chromosomes carries the same information, in that the same genes are in the same spots on the chromosome. However, variations of that gene (alleles) may be present. (Example: the genetic information for eye color is a gene; the variations for blue, green, etc. are the alleles. .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .postImageUrl , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:hover , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:visited , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:active { border:0!important; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:active , .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952 .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uae77199ac9d00f2b3268239334c34952:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: April, 1985 and we were driving away from civilization towards the untamed, natural and beautiful Essay) Human cells divide in two ways. The first is ordinary cell division (mitosis), by which the body grows. In this method, one cell becomes two cells, which have the exact same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell. The second method of cell division occurs in the ovaries and testicles (meiosis) and consists of one cell splitting into two, with the resulting cells having half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. So, normal eggs and sperm cells only have 23 chromosomes instead of .

Andre Dubus, Killings Essays

Andre Dubus, Killings Essays Andre Dubus, Killings Paper Andre Dubus, Killings Paper Killings by Andre Dubus Killings is a serrated look into the once placid life of Matt Fowler. Told in third person limited omniscient view, we learn that Matt had always been a fearful father, standing by, looking calm and collected all the while anxiously waiting to catch them should they fall and always holding back his tongue. When his youngest is murdered by the estranged husband of his lover, he is brutally confronted with the reality of all the sufferings he had desperately long to prevent. And he felt that all the fears he had borne while they were growing up, and all the rife he had been afraid of, had backed up like a huge wave and struck him on the beach and swept him out to sea(112). Now he must own those fears, the reality is too big to ignore and no longer able to be contained like his hands in his pockets. He does not have to suffer through the same as his wife who seems to be constantly running into her sons killer but Just the knowledge Richard Strut is out on bail, waiting for the trial tha t will certainly convict him but there is no punishment worthy of trade. Enter the static character of Willis Trotter, the former Marine with a gun permit, an oblivious wife and apparently a workable plan. Dubs doesnt tell us that he was the mastermind behind the second killing but its there Just the same. Willis has a fermented anger towards Richard Strut. l hate him, Matt. My boys went to school with him. He was the same then. (112) He had likely spent a great many hours contriving versions of Cutouts demise and this, his friends festering wound, provided a once in a lifetime opportunity to carry through his own vengeance. The plan was simple and precise, every detail worked out, every possibility, from every conceivable angle, and from Trotters vantage, never reaching back to him. Remember that woman about seven years ago? Shot her husband And said all the way through it that nobody helped her And whoever helped her, where the Hell is he(112)? Why bring up the person who helped the woman from seven years ago? The point wasnt that someone had helped her, it was that she only did a few years and was back living a normal life In Lawrence now, a secretary(112). There was no question that Richard had acted alone. There were three witnesses to the murder and for all we know he made a full confession when they brought him in. Willis was trying to tap into that iniquitousness and he was successful but why were his Houghton on the one who got away Scott free? Why should that have ever crossed his mind. Perhaps he has been down this twisted path before? The plan was so perfect that in the event Richard Strut was discovered murdered, all evidence would point to Fowler. And a good friend would of course claim he had no help. Would deny he had help all along. He doesnt need to worry about Mats wife Ruth who likely knows what her husband is heading out to that night and because Ruth would shoot him herself, if she thought she could hit him(112). Besides, she would never have to satisfy against her husband and thus have no reason to mention his name. Willis is never going to be the one to pull the trigger. Hes not going to risk being seen at Cutouts duplex. They had planned that too, had decided it was best for Just the one him of what this man did to his son to keep his motivation up. Hell clean up the mess, remove trace evidence, destroy the trail. He wont touch the car or the murder weapon. His hands are effectively clean. So whos plan was it really? Did Matt Fowler have the soul to construct a plan of such exactitude? Did his conscience allow him to wander far down that road? No. He was afraid he could not be alone with Strut for very long, smell his smells, feel the presence of his flesh, hear his voice and then shoot him(116). It was not even in him to terrorize Richard in the minutes leading up to his death so he modified the plan to give the man some hope until the end. Even his name, Matt Fowler denotes nothing dark and sinister, nothing culpable. Unassuming, bordering on self-effacing; a soft, sensitive father and husband with no repugnance for being so and doubtfully no coin cidence Dubs gave him a name one letter off from flower. Surely he could have sat at his friends ar drinking Scotch and Soda and kicked around some ideas, possibly even developed a plausible scenario, Who hasnt entertained dubious acts of revenge against those who have hurt us at the most primal level? But it was Willis that wanted to see the plan to fruition. Matt Fowler got caught up in the fantasy that it would erase the pain. If not for Willis Trotter there would be no story. Certainly no Killers. Trotter is the catalyst responsible for transforming idle daydreams into unambiguous plans with tangible results. He is also the only one to remain unaffected by the outcome of this decision.

Networks and The Tokugawa Period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Networks and The Tokugawa Period - Essay Example This put the Japanese society at the same development level with the European societies of that time. Although the governance in Japan then was full of corruption, inequality and lack of justice, Iceman argues that the network revolution that came during this time led to the improved forms of transport and communication improving trade and economic activities of the area. It also improved freedom and general interaction between people from different backgrounds bringing about unity. Depicting evidence from the books â€Å"Proving the Way conflict and practice in the history of Japanese Nativism†, by Mark McNally and â€Å"Bonds of Civility Aesthetic Networks and the Political Origins of Japanese Culture†, by Eiko Ikegami we discover that one of the networks important to the Tokugawa people was the aesthetic horizantal network. This aesthetic horizontal network culminated from the fields of art and also in the political world in the Tokugawa era. These horizontal network s were associated with seated arts (Za), Linked Verse (renga). For example, linked verse events, occasions and ceremonies were carried out in the shade of cherry blossoms (hana no moto renga). This gatherings were considered sacred and and therefore were linked with their higher deities. Another important network was the vertical networks which were in harmony with the belief of muen. This allowed people who had different social standings in the Japanese society or individuals from varying social classes to gather together and partake in poetry sessions with no special treatment being offered to anyone. Another good example of these vertical networks was the popularity of the wild, unbounded and radical dancing that was practiced by these Japanese people which were orchestrated by sanctified madness known as (Kuruu). This dancing through vertical networks had spread through the Japanese community due to the vertical networks.In 1603, Tokugawa defeated his adversaries and he started an empire which prolonged till 1868. Over 260 years, peace has prevailed in japan, whereby lhe started Edo, which marked the beginning of Kanto. Tokugawa regime reigned supreme via complex unions having 250 lords, some closely related to Tokugawa. Each retained its own cities and as a rule, some cities maintained a high caliber, of socio-economic and heritage autonomy. In town areas, various cultures and trends sprung up such as sumo wrestling, geisha entertainers, and karate and kabuki drama that all originated from urbanization hence making the japan towns to be at an advantage over the Europeans in development, but still yet japan were short of political prowess in accordance to their socio-economic and heritage gains. Within the horizontal and vertical networks people practiced poetry, theatre, painting, Ikebana, tea making, Bonsai, poetry in form of Joruri, calligraphy and music. During this period, their practices were lesser subjected to beliefs and religion. Their practices were not based on their religion and their belief in spirit sand magic as it was with their predecessors. In the Tokugawa aesthetic network they practiced a lot of arts. Artists began to commercialize their practice whereby they sharpened their skills and began to make money out of their works. This was due to the commercialization of various activities during this period. Tokugawa social dynasties and social quo started

Language Games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Language Games - Essay Example Wittgenstein argues that people create meaning of words in the context of language game. Whilst watching soccer, the philosophical ideas occurred to Ludwig that in case a person without soccer knowledge is watching the football match, the game would seem meaningless to him. Therefore, for him to understand the meaning of the football game, he should first recognize the rules applied in the soccer game. However, the confusion erupts when people use language according to rules inappropriate to the circumstances. This confusion arises in case people do not understand the context of the language rules imposed upon a certain discourse. In fact, one cannot understand the truth from untruth, but those who understand the rules of the language game can only find the similarities and differences in other games (Kuusela 46). This is because the rules of the language games are inherently different; thus to understand them appropriately, one should first understand the rules applied in the language games. Other philosophers such as Socrates, Parmenides, Hume and other people such as Heraclitus and Nietzsche went wrong in their thinking. For instance, Nietzsche wrote critical texts about religion, science and philosophy in an ironical, metaphorical and aphorism way. The Socrates also understood language in different way; thus, they presented their philosophical ideas in different context withou t following rules applied in the language

Motivational Case Studies Essay Example for Free

Motivational Case Studies Essay I believe in the â€Å"Two Men and a Truck† case study, the motivational theory that Mrs. Sheets’ uses is the goal setting theory. Her initial goal was to help support her sons’ part-time jobs. She created a marketing campaign, although she may not have seen it as such, by designing the stick figure drawing that is still being used today in the company. As a single mother, she did not want to turn away the phone calls that continued to be received, even after her sons went away to college and therefore, she purchased an inexpensive truck and hired two workers to maintain the business operations. Mrs. Sheets expanded the company and set out a goal of being the most customer-friendly moving company. To assist with this goal, she arranged trainings for her employees, and franchisee employees, where they learn basic customer service tools and how to be a high-functioning team member. These tools include how to properly answer the phone and to always shake the customer’s hand when the work is completed. She also asks employees to complete a survey card so the organization can use the feedback as coaching opportunities. All of these tools helped Mrs.  Sheets’ company become one of the most successful moving companies in the area. In the Siemens case study, the motivational theory that is described is Management by objectives. Mr. Kleinfield took over a Siemens unit in 1998 and immediately requested a change in work shifts, including working weekends. The employees were shocked by what was being requested but also recognized that due to a competitor, their jobs were in jeopardy from a lack of production. Mr. Kleinfield expressed an interest in the work being performed by being in the factory and asking questions related to the operations. This interest helped win over the employees and with the new schedules, production times were cut from six weeks to one. Although the employees did not know what was going on, Mr. Kleinfield recognized what the ultimate goal of the production facility was and put a plan into action as soon as he took it over to make it a success. By demonstrating this leadership, he ultimately was offered the CEO position, even though he never worked in any facility for very long, especially as a Consultant, but did have experience in every department that was associated with Siemens.

Increased Migration, Increased Security Concern Essay -- Economic Cris

Migration has the same meaning, the movement of a group of people who leave their native country to settle temporarily or permanently in a different country. People might voluntarily move, but others are forced to leave their country because of dire situations. An analysis shows how the economic crisis, terrorism, and leaders play a role in how immigration is viewed. While it is impossible to send all illegal immigrants back to their countries, preventing further immigration will help eliminate some security threats and increase the stability of a country’s government. The North-South gap has allowed immigration to become a global issue. While the rich North benefits from industrialization, the South suffers from poor development and wealth disparities. Because of this, people hoping for a better standard of living look to the North. When the economy was thriving, countries relied on guest worker programs to help fulfill the demand for labor. France, for example, needed immigrants to help in post-WWII â€Å"recovery and economic expansion† (Rudolph, 2006, p. 128). However, many countries around the world are feeling the effects of the economic crisis today. Since the economic downturn, there has been an increase in unemployment and anti-immigration sentiment. When people have a job and can maintain their families, immigration is put on the back burner. With the percentage of unemployed rising, illegal immigrants were to blame for taking jobs that rightfully belonged to citizens. The pressure from citizens for anti-immigration policies forced leaders to act. Following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, security was heightened around the world. There is more concern on who is entering the country because of fear of ano... ... given the circumstances Spain must be selfish and focus on its own problems. Increasing border security would help stop the influx of immigrants entering Spain. The situations in Italy, France, and Spain help illustrate the different approaches to fighting illegal immigration. Because of economic booms, countries relied on immigrant workers to provide needed labor. However, the economic crisis means more people are without jobs and immigrants are no longer needed for work. The risk of terrorist attacks means tighter border control and increased fear of people who are ideologically different. The decisions leaders make concerning immigration reflects the ideals of their citizens. While people may want immigrants to go back to their countries, many immigrants have made a life for themselves and their families and do not see their native countries as â€Å"home†.

Library System Essay

Library is a place where people focus their attention in reading and making research which can help everyone gains knowledge. It is organized and maintained for the use of public body, institution, corporation, or private individual. The school library provides opportunities for the individuals with the focus on the intellectual content and information literacy to the learner. It contains books and other reference materials made available to the users for reading, studying and getting references. The books and reference materials are arranged on shelves according to the classification system used for the convenience of the users. Placing similar materials in one location helps the users find multiple items on a given subject more efficiently than those some items scattered within the library. The generation of computer age can be very useful in bridging the demand for library services and ability to provide these services. Deciding the most effective program for establishing an automated circulation system is a task that confronts librarian today. There are major library problems experienced around the world. Aside from Philippines, India and other countries libraries suffer from lack of proper library facilities and facing the problem of poor services, and most importantly unorganized circulation system and process of retrieving data is not efficient. Local libraries also faced several problems these are lack of financial resources and high cost of computer accessories has reduced the trends in the adoption of automated library system in school libraries while such has limited access to a variety of information on stored data. The thesis writers observed that the process of inquiring books and retrieving the borrowed and returned book were done manually in Santa Monica Institute. In this, the borrower spent more time in every process of circulating books in Santa Monica Institute. Thus, the thesis writers were interested to design and to develop the Automated Library Circulation System of Santa Monica Institute – Mabini library to improve its operation in order to provide effective services. Literature Background The evolution of technology has undoubtedly increased the variety of resources available in libraries today. It is especially fueling increased user demands and expectations for information resources and their timely delivery. The impact of the changing technology helps in designing library automation. A. G. Nkhoma-Wamunza stated that â€Å"library automation is a process which involves linking computers electronically within and outside the institution, entering library resources in a database to create an Open Access Catalogue, which allows users to access and retrieve information in a timely manner. † It gained wide acceptance globally due to its many benefits potentials including improved performance efficiency and delivery of quality service in library. Library Circulation is one of those sections of the library that needs automation. It comprises the activities around the lending of  library  books and other materials to users of a  lending library. It provides lending services and facilities for return of loaned items. Renewal of materials and payment of fines are also handled at the circulation desk. Circulation staff may provide basic search and reference services, though more in-depth questions are usually referred to reference librarians. Librarian  is a person who works professionally in a  library, and is usually trained in librarianship and experts of finding, organizing and interpreting information needed. They are the guardians of materials inside the library. The reference desk of the library is a public in service counter where professional librarians provide direction to the materials, advice on the collections and services, and expertise on the multiple kinds of information from multiple sources to the library users. Library user is the borrower of the library materials which can be brought at home / classroom. It can be a student, teacher, patron and even outsider who are greatly benefited on the proposed system. School administration is an important part of our education system. Administrators face a variety of issues on a daily basis. Take a look at strategies and techniques used to combat those issues. The UP College of Science Library System located at Diliman, Quezon city is one of the existing library system that uses online library system. It has many capabilities it allows to view information about the library and its services. The system also provides information about new titles, library hours and has link that will allow user to contact the library through e-mail. UP College Science is similar to the proposed system because it allows searching of books and other library materials. The library system is implemented to provide user fast and quick access of information. Automated Library System referred as a cost effective and space saving alternative to common document shelving technologies, addressing the need for space efficiency, secure and automated document and records handling. ALS is a design and software solution focused on the reliability and maintainability. The solution, developed by team of experienced industry professionals is supported by comprehensive services including on-site maintenance, spare parts, modernization, upgrades and expansions. HK has been installing system utilizing this technology for the past forty years. ALS have been installed at institutions throughout North America. Automated Library System for Navotas City Library (2010). They have two computers in the library without automated library system. The Automated System for Navotas City Library is to facilitate the inventor, lending and returning of books in electronic, systematic and orderly manners. In addition, it aims to cope with the trends of technology today for the library and to the library and to have a system that will attract more users. to the library, therefore, appreciation on the library can contribute it to the information needed by the students, workers, and researchers especially to the people of Navotas City. Bodiongan (2000). The researcher found that the process of retrieving data and information are not efficient. So the borrower takes time in finding information because the materials are not properly returned to the right arrangement. The process of retrieving and keeping records of the borrowers is time consuming due to low quality of the borrower’s card. The library has a huge collection of books so the borrower takes time in sorting information from the card catalogue. The library assistant takes time in searching the borrower’s records because there are some instances that some of the borrower’s card are not properly returned. Curan (2011). In her study, the researcher observed that the process of inquiring books and retrieving the borrowed and returned book were done manually. In this, the borrower spent more time in every process of circulating books. The researcher conclude that the system has great help in minimizing the time consume in borrowing and retrieving data. The system provides accurate and secure keeping of data, and can generate report immediately. Code of ethics of Library Association adopted at the 1939 Midwinter Meeting by the ALA Council; amended June 30, 1981; June 28, 1995; and January 22, 2008 states that â€Å"we protect each library user’s right to privacy and confidentiality with respect to information sought or received and resources consulted, borrowed, acquired or transmitted. † Privacy is essential to the exercise of free speech, free thought, and free association. Identifiable information about users is confidential and the library keeps that information private and confidential on their behalf. This policy is intended to prevent the unauthorized use of our patrons’ personal information, and to protect the privacy of this information. Librarians are responsible for keeping the information’s security needed for the reference of the user and provide better service to the borrowers. Section 10 Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution mandates that: Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The state shall give priority to research and development, invention, innovation, and their utilization; and to science and technology education, training and services. It shall support indigenous, appropriate and self- reliant scientific and technological capabilities, and their application to the country’s productive system and national life. Technology plays great role for the improvement of an institution. The continuous growth of technology leads to many inventions for the improvement of the institution one of this is the Santa Monica Institute. Technology help provide system that would provide user better service in this institutions. Section 12, Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution mandates stated: The state shall regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of technology from all sources for the national benefit. It shall encourage the widest participation of private groups, local governments and community-based organizations in the generation and utilization of science and technology. Through the use of technology, it can help the institution to improve process with the use of the proposed system that involves private groups to indentify the features that needs improvement to provide better service. Section 13, Republic Act 8293 mandates stated: The state shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists, and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for such period as may be provided by law. This states that the researchers should protect the right to defend the study and portability of data. In this study, the researchers should protect and secure the proposed system with the use of password to avoid the alteration of information. THE PROBLEM Statement of the Problem. The main purpose of the study is to design and developed Santa Monica Institute Library Circulation System that would serve as a proposal to minimize time in searching books and generate reliable and accurate reports. Specifically, the study answers the following questions: 1. What are the features of the system that needs improvement? 2. To what extent of the performance of the proposed system in terms of 3. 1 Security; 3. 2 Human Interface; 3. 3 Requirements; and 3. 4 Performance/ Reliability. Significance of the study The study would be beneficial to the following: School Administration. This study could be used as basis in implementing library improvement and development. Librarian. It enables her to respond to the borrower’s request immediately. Borrowers. They are greatly benefitted because they can get immediate response on their requests. Future Researchers. This study enhances the capability in making the system. It gives essence on how computerization really helps on developing one’s institution and on how library system operates. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Design The researcher used the Descriptive Survey and Experimental method with the use of a self-made questionnaire and software evaluation tool. The descriptive survey or questionnaire was used to determine the problems encountered by the librarian and library users, and the features of the existing system that needs improvement. The experimental method or the evaluation tool was used to ascertain the acceptability level of automated system. Environment and Participants The study was conducted in Santa Monica Institute, Poblacion 1, Mabini, Bohol. The school administration, librarian, borrowers were the respondents. The librarian will be the user of the proposed system. Data Gathering Instruments. The researcher used two instruments, the self-made questionnaire and the evaluation tool. Self-made questionnaire is a guide used to interview the respondents to get information about the Library Circulation System. This was constructed based on the present transactions at Santa Monica Institute. The evaluation tool was employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. This tool was secured from the internet and related books. The tool was modified and respond to the needs of user and tasked to rate the items using a five-point Likert scale. The questionnaire and evaluation tool are attached in appendix B and C. The researcher also used the context diagram, system flowchart, IPO (Input Process Output) and HIPO (Hierarchical Input – Process – Output) in designing the proposed software. These tools are necessary for the development of the system. Procedure The thesis writers interviewed the librarian to have an idea, information and other important details about the flow of operation in the library. Statistical Treatment To ascertain the level of acceptability of the system in library cataloging this formula was used: ?fx N ?fx N Weighted mean, X = where: f = frequency x = weight N = number of responses The Likert-type scale was used for scaling the acceptability level of the system software. Scale| Range| Categorical Response| Description| 5| 4. 20-5. 00| Strongly Acceptable| The system exceeds expectations and outstandingly performs the job requirements or 100% acceptable. | 4| 3. 40-4. 19| Moderately Acceptable| The system highly fulfills the job requirements or 80% acceptable. | 3| 2. 60-3. 39| Acceptable | The system meets the job requirements or 60% acceptable. | 2| 1. 80-2. 59| Slightly Acceptable| The system slightly meets the job requirements or 40% acceptable. | 1| 1. 00-1. 79| Not Acceptable| The system fails to meet the job requirements or 20% acceptable. | DEFINITION OF TERMS Automated library circulation system. It is a system that involves systematic storing of information which includes the book, borrowers and generating reports. Borrowers. Library users can be student or a teacher who can lend books which is brought at home/ classroom. Circulation system. It is the process of circulating of library materials which includes borrowing and returning of library materials. Context diagram. It is used by the thesis writers to scope the project as it provides a visual model of the interactions between the system and the outside entities that interface with the solutions . Data flow diagram. It shows the part of the system which includes the same process but being automated. It is involved in converting data to generate reports. HIPO. Hierarchical Input-Process-Output a high-level view of the functions performed by a system as its functions and software implementation. IPO. Input Process Output these are the components or elements that make-up the system. It is also described as tools on the design of the entire software. Library. A room or building where a collection of books, periodicals, etc. , are kept for reading or reference, or public or private institution in-charge of the care and circulation of such collection. Library materials. Use in this study in order to include books of various kinds, periodicals, newspapers, magazines, vertical files consisting of clippings, pamphlets and the audio-visual materials which include maps, globes, charts and pictures. Library system. It is a systematic way of placing books, journals, magazines and others that would provide the need of the users. System Flowchart. It is formalized graphic representation of a program logic sequence, work or manufacturing processes, organizing chart or similar formalized structsure. Chapter 2 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA A. Present System System Narrative Students/teachers inquired the librarian on borrowing and returning of books. If the students wanted to borrow, they were required to have their library card and place in the folder. For the teachers they were only required to give their ID card and pass it to the librarian. After receiving, the librarian gave the book card to the students / teachers and filled-up the information needed in borrowing the book and gave it back to the librarian before the book was given to the borrower. Borrowed book was returned before the due date. Upon returning it, the librarian gave the identification card of the borrower. If the book returned late, penalty was imposed. If cases of lost book, the borrower was required to pay the exact amount of the book or replaced the book either. Generating report was done after the inventory. It is done twice a year, before the school year starts and school year ends. * Borrowed Book * Library Card * Borrower’s Information Librarian Folder Borrower * Reports Administration * Borrowed Book * Library Card * Borrower’s Information Librarian Folder Borrower * Reports Administration Figure 1. 0 Conceptual Diagram Event Specifications 1. Student/ Teacher make inquiry. Student/Teacher 1. 0 Handle Inquiry Book Information * Response * Inquiry Student/Teacher 1. 0 Handle Inquiry Book Information * Response * Inquiry Borrower Borrower 2. Student/ Teacher borrows book. 2. 0 Handle Borrowing Borrowers Student / Teacher Student Record Book Information * Release Book. * Library Card * Book Card * Book Title * Borrower’s ID 2. 0 Handle Borrowing Borrowers Student / Teacher Student Record Book Information * Release Book * Library Card * Book Card * Book Title * Borrower’s ID 3. Borrower returns book. Borrowers Book Information * Borrowed Book * Borrower’s ID * Penalty Details Borrower 3. 0 Handle Returning Student Record Borrowers Book Information * Borrowed Book * Borrower’s ID * Penalty Details Borrower 3. 0 Handle Returning Student Record 4. Librarian generates reports. Borrowers Student Record Administration 6. 0 Handle Report Book Information. * Reports Borrowers Student Record Administration 6. 0 Handle Report Book Information * Reports Findings / Constraints The librarian took time in giving response to the inquiry of the student/teacher because records were not organized. To provide immediate response to the inquiry, data must be systematized. The student/teacher spent time in borrowing because the librarian got the problem in retrieving the records of available books, because some books were lost and not properly returned. To minimize the time consume in borrowing, all records must be automated for quick access. They had the same problem encountered in returning the books because the librarian found it hard in retrieving the students’ records. To provide fast process in returning, the records of the borrower must be computerized for quick access. The librarian has delayed in submitting reports. To generate early reports, the data must be systematized. Flowchart F T Main Menu Input User’s Name Input Password If Valid X F T Main Menu Input User’s Name Input Password If Valid X Begin Begin Log-in Log-in X X Display Message Display Message Main Menu Main Menu Display Main Screen Display Main Screen A A User Select Button. User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button T T Transaction Transaction If Transactions If Transactions F F T T If Records If Records Records Records F F T T If Reports If Reports Reports Reports F F T T If Utility If Utility Utility Utility F F T T If System User If System User System User System User F F T T If About If About About About F F A A Transactions Transactions Display Transaction Screen Display Transaction Screen Display Transaction Screen Display Transaction Screen B B User Select Button User Select Button If Borrow If Borrow T T Borrow Borrow F F T T Return Return If Return If Return F F. B B Records Records Display Records Screen Display Records Screen Display Records Screen Display Records Screen C C User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button T T If Books If Books Books Books Books Books If Books If Books F F O O O O If Accession If Accession Accession Accession If Accession If Accession T T F F If Borrowers If Borrowers T T Borrowers Borrowers If Borrowers If Borrowers F F T T If Book Penalty If Book Penalty Book Penalty Book Penalty If Book Penalty If Book Penalty F F T T If Placement And Classification If Placement And Classification Placement and Classification. Placement and Classification If Placement and Classification If Placement and Classification F F If Borrowers Penalty If Borrowers Penalty T T Borrower penalty Borrower penalty If Borrower penalty If Borrower penalty F F T T If Master List If Master List Master List Master List Master List Master List F F C C Reports Reports Display Reports Screen Display Reports Screen Display Reports Screen Display Reports Screen D D User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button T T If Book Information If Book Information Book Information Book Information F F If Borrowers Information If Borrowers Information T T Borrowers Information Borrowers Information F F If Top Borrowers If Top Borrowers Top Borrowers Top Borrowers T T F F T T If Due Books If Due Books Due Books Due Books F F If Lost Books If Lost Books T T Lost Books Lost Books F F D D Utility Utility Display Utility Screen Display Utility Screen E E User Select Button User Select Button If Backup and Restore Database If Backup and Restore Database T T Backup and Restore Database Backup and Restore Database F F T T If Clean Database If Clean Database Clean Database Clean Database F F E E System User System User Display System Screen. Display System Screen F F User Select Button User Select Button T T If User Account If User Account User Account User Account F F L L L L F F T T If Switch User If Switch User Switch User Switch User F F T T If Log Off If Log Off Log off Log off If Lock If Lock F F If Exit If Exit T T Exit Exit If Exit If Exit F F F F About About Display System Screen Display System Screen H H Display System Screen Display System Screen User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button User Select Button If Thesis Writers If Thesis Writers T T Thesis Writers Thesis Writers If Researcher If Researcher F F H H B. Proposed System. System Rules Library Circulation policy is to organize both book records and borrower‘s information and keep track for easy and quick access. This is encrypted with password and only the authorized person is allowed to access for the safety of the information. Some library materials such as pamphlets, magazine and CD’s are also included in the process. These materials are input in the system with the title and corresponding accession numbers, and it is sorted whenever it is needed. Borrowers are only allowed to borrow three (3) books per day for overnight and over week end and have duration of three (3) days. Overnight books are to be taken from 4:30 to 5:00 pm. and to be returned at 7:15-7:30 on the following day. The over weekend books are to be taken from the library on the Friday afternoon from 4:30-5:00 pm. , and to be returned at 7:15-7:30 on Monday morning. If the student exceed the given due date, penalty will be imposed. It will be calculated and will be paid. The payment of the penalty is done at the cashier and only official receipt is needed that is being input on the system. Context Diagram 0 Santa Monica Institute Library Circulation System Borrower Administration * Reports * Response. * Released Book * Penalty * Receipt * Inquiry * Library Card * Book Title * Book Card * Borrowed Book * Identification Card 0 Santa Monica Institute Library Circulation System Borrower Administration * Reports * Response * Released Book * Penalty * Receipt * Inquiry * Library Card * Book Title * Book Card * Borrowed Book * Identification Card Event List: 1. Borrower makes inquiry. 2. Borrower borrows book. 3. Borrower returns book. 4. Librarian generates report. Event Specifications 1. Student/ Teacher make inquiry. 1. 0 Handle Inquiry Student/Teacher Book Information * Response * Inquiry 1. 0 Handle Inquiry Student/Teacher Book Information * Response * Inquiry Borrower Borrower 2. Student / Teacher borrows book. 2. 0 Handle Borrowing Borrowers Student / Teacher Student Record Book Information * Release Book * Library Card * Book Card * Book Title * Borrower’s ID 2. 0 Handle Borrowing Borrowers Student / Teacher Student Record Book Information * Release Book * Library Card * Book Card * Book Title * Borrower’s ID 3. Borrower returns book. Borrowers Book Information * Borrowed Book * Borrower’s ID * Penalty Details Borrower 3. 0 Handle Returning Student Record Borrowers Book Information. * Borrowed Book * Borrower’s ID * Penalty Details Borrower 3. 0 Handle Returning Student Record 4. Librarian generates reports. Borrowers Student Record Administration 6. 0 Handle Report Book Information * Reports Borrowers Student Record Administration 6. 0 Handle Report Book Information * Reports Process Specification Process 1. 0 Student/ Teacher makes Inquiry Begin If student / teacher make inquiry Accept inquiry If inquiry about available book Open available book Retrieve list of available book Close available book Else if inquiry about registration Open book configuration form. Input borrower’s ID, borrower’s Full name, Address, cell number, age, gender, borrower’s type, year level and section. Register borrower End if End Process 2. 0 Student/ Teacher borrow book. Begin If borrower borrow book Accept borrowing If borrower is new Register borrower Open borrower’s configuration form Input borrower’s ID, borrowers name, address, cell number, age, gender, borrower’s type year level and section Close borrower’s configuration form Else if borrower is old Open book issue form Retrieve borrower’s ID, borrower’s name, book info, accession no, ISBN, book title, date issued, due date and purpose. Close book issue form End if End Process 3. 0 Borrower returns book. Begin Do while borrower’s return book Open return form Input borrower’s ID Retrieve borrower’s ID, borrowers name, accession no, ISBN, book title, date issued, due date, date returned and penalty Close return form End Process 4. 0 Librarian generates report. Begin Do while librarian receive memorandum Accept memorandum Retrieve list of books Generate repots of list of book If reports report about books Open inventory report Retrieve total number of books, damage. Lost Print report Close book report Else if reports about other library materials. Open other library materials Retrieved number of copies lost and damage Close library materials End if End Database Design It is a preliminary plan of software, where the collection of related data is organized for convenient access with the use of computer. Accession – contains the number of copies of the certain book. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| ID number of the user| Acession_no| Text| 30| Number of the copy of the book| Copies| Text| 80| Number of copies| ISBN| Text| 30| International Standard book number| Date_received| Text| 50| Date received|. Borrowers_fulln-ame| Text| 50| Borrower’s full name| Status| Text| 10| Lost / Returned| Account – contains the username and password of the user. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | User_ID| Number| Long integer| ID number of the user| User_Name| Text| 20| Name of the user| Complete_Name| Text| 30| Complete name of the user| Password| Text| 10| Password of the user| Account_Type| Text| 20| Limited/ administrator| User_Account| Yes/No| 20| Limited/ administrator| Log| Yes/No| 20| Log| Borrow| Yes/No| 20| Borrow| Return| Yes/No| 20| Return| Book| Yes/No| 20| Book|. Stat| Yes/No| 20| Status| Placement| Yes/No| 20| Features| Format| Yes/No| 20| Features| Borrowers| Yes/No| 20| Features of borrower| Up_penalty| Yes/No| 20| Penalty | Book_r| Yes/No| 20| Book| Return_r| Yes/No| 20| Date returned| Date_due| Yes/No| 20| Due date| Inventory_r| Yes/No| 20| Inventory reports| Catalog_r| Yes/No| 20| Catalog | Backup| Yes/No| 20| Back up files| Account_log – contains the time in and out of the user. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | Log_ID| Number| Long integer| ID number of the user| User_ID| Text| 10| ID number of the user|. Timer_login| Text| 20| Time log in | Timer_logout| Text| 20| Time log out| Dte| Text| 30| Date| Remarks| Text| 10| Remarks| Book – contains the information of the book. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Number| Long integer| ID number of the user| ISBN| Text| 30| Unique no of the book| Book_Title| Text| 200| Title of book| Other_title| Text| 200| Sub title of the book| Other_physical| Text| 200| Other Physical details| Author1| Text| 50| Name of the 1st author| Author2| Text| 50| Name of the 2nd author| Author3| Text| 50| Name of the 3rd author|. Notes| Text| 100| Notes| Publisher| Text| 255| Name of the publisher| Place_publication| Text| 200| Place of publication| Placement_code| Text| 20| Placement code| Book_no| Text| 10| Number of the book| Author_no| Text| 200| Author number| Subject1| Text| 255| Subject| Subject2| Text| 255| Subject| Subject3| Text| 255| Subject| Format| Text| 20| Book classification| Edition| Text| 200| Number of edition| Copyright_year| Text| 10| Copyright year| Date_received| Date/ Time| General date| Date received| Source| Text| 15| Donated/ purchased| Pages| Text| 5| Number of pages| Amount| Number| Long integer| Amount of the book| Total_copies| Number| Long integer| Total number of copies| Book_borrowed – contains the book borrowed by the borrower. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| User Id| Borrowers_Id| Text| 10| Borrower’s ID| Borrowers_Name| Text| 30| Borrower’s name| Accession_no| Text| 10| Number of copies of the book| Copies| Text| 10| Number of copies| ISBN| Text| 20| International standard book number| Book_Title| Text| 200| Title of the book| Date_Issued| Date/ time| General date| Date issued| Date_Due| Date/ time| General date| Due date|. Date_Returned| Date/ time| General date| Date returned| Time_Due| Date/ time| General date|Due time| Purpose| Text| 15| Overnight/ over weekend| Penalty| Text| 15| Paid/ unpaid| Status| Text| 15| In/ out| Remarks| Text| 10| Returned/ unreturned| Borrowers_info – contains borrower’s personal information. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| User ID| Borrowers_ID| Text| 30| Borrower’s ID| Complete_Name| Text| 100| Borrower’s Full Name| Gender| Text| 20| Gender| Age| Text| 10| Age of the borrower| Address| Text| 80| Address of the borrower|. Cell_Number| Text| 20| Cell number | Type| Text| 20| Student/ teacher| Year_level| Text| 50| Year level| Section| Text| 30| Section| No_borrowed| Number| Long integer| No of book borrowed| Total_borrowed| Number| Long integer| Total no of book borrowed| Event_list – contains of all the event done by the librarian on the system. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| Number of data| User_ID| Number| Long integer| User ID| Event| Text| 40| Event| Event_date| Date/ time| General date| Event time | Event_time| Date/ time| General date| Event date|. Format – classification of the book. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| Number of data| Format| Text| 200| Classification of book| Inventory – actual counting of all library materials. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| User ID| ISBN| Text| 50| International standard book number| Total_copies| Text| 10| Total copies| Copies_on_hand| Text| 10| Copies on hand| Copies_borrowed| Text| 10| Copies borrowed| Copies_lost| Text| 10| Copies lost|. Penalty – contains to the amount to be paid by the user. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID| Autonumber| Long integer| User ID| Format| Text| 200| Overnight/ over weekend| First_hour| Text| 10| Penalty for first hour | Next_hour| Text| 10| Penalty for the next hour| First_day| Text| 10| Penalty for the first day| Next_day| Text| 10| Penalty for the next day| Days_limit_for_borrow| Text| 10| Days limit| Placement – contains the code that is being replace. Fieldname Data Type Width Description Fieldname Data Type Width Description | | | | ID|.